This is a complex process that involves cells working in unison to achieve the common goal of eradicating the offending agent. “ people becoming immune to them.” : The immune system is our body’s defense against foreign intrusions like infections that have the ability to cause disease or other deleterious effects.Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.Before we discuss the correct answer, let us rule out the other choices: Permission is not required) please go to the Copyright If you want to reproduce the wholeĪrticle in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figuresĪnd diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission Please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. To request permission to reproduce material from this article in a commercial publication, Provided that the correct acknowledgement is given and it is not used for commercial purposes. This article in other publications, without requesting further permission from the RSC, Herrmann,Ĭreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Inorganic nanohybrids combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria hiding within human macrophages Taken together, this work presents the first demonstration of antibacterial activity of ceria-based nanoparticles inside of mammalian cells and offers a route to straightforward and robust intracellular antibacterial agents that do not depend on payload delivery or biological constituents. Furthermore, blocking of nanoparticle endocytosis and subcellular electron microscopy elucidate the mechanism of action. Such intrinsically antibacterial nanohybrids significantly reduce bacterial survival inside macrophages without harming the latter. The nanoparticles form suprastructures of similar size and surface charge as bacteria, therefore facilitating the uptake into the same subcellular compartments, where they unleash their antibacterial effect. These multicomponent nanohybrids based on cerium oxide are produced in one step, yet unite complex materials. In this work, load and carrier are combined into one functional inorganic nanoparticle system, which unites antimicrobial activity with mammalian cell compatibility. The unison of potent antimicrobial activity with high mammalian cell compatibility is a prerequisite for intracellular activity, which is not well-met by otherwise well-established inorganic systems, such as silver-based nanoparticles. Recent approaches to overcome these limitations have focused on load-carrier systems, requiring a triggered discharge leading to complex release kinetics. Conventional antimicrobial agents are unable to penetrate or be retained in the infected mammalian cells. An increasing number of bacterial strains evades antibiotic treatment by hiding inside cells. Bacterial infections are one of the main health concerns humanity faces today and bacterial resistances and protection mechanisms are set to aggravate the issue in the coming years.
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